Register of correspondence experiments on hiring discrimination since 2005
See my chapter in 'Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance' (edited by S. Michael Gaddis and published by Springer) on the original register for more information concerning its the construction. A discussion paper version of this chapter can be downloaded here.
This register has been thoroughly revised in 2021 with the help of Siel Vermeiren and Louis Lippens. We based a meta-analysis on this updated register that was published as an open access article in European Economic Review.
In addition, we recently published a discussion paper with the results of a name categorisation experiment that yields 56 English names associated with six ethnicity groups which signal different ethnicities and genders but similar social classes. This exercise should greatly improve the validity of future experiments on ethnic and gender discrimination.
Links to additional correspondence studies that are written in English, not earlier than 2005, and that focus on hiring discrimination can be sent to Stijn.Baert@UGent.be. Important: these e-mails should also explicitly mention the desired content of columns (1), (2), and (4) below, formatted in the way as the other entries.
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(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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A. Race and national origin |
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|
A.1. African American (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
A.2. African American or Somali American (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
A.3. African American (Anglo-Saxon) origin |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
A.4. African or Arab (native) name |
Sweden |
− |
|
|
A.5. African or Hispanic (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
0 |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
A.6. African, Asian, or German (native) name |
Ireland |
− |
|
|
A.7. African, Caribbean, Indian, or Pakistani (native) name |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
|
|
A.8. Albanian (native) name |
Greece |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
A.9. Albanian, Chinese, German, Moroccan, or Romanian (native) name |
Italy |
− |
|
|
A.10. Albanian, Georgian, or Ukrainian (native) origin |
Greece |
− |
|
|
A.11. Antillean, Moroccan, Surinamese, or Turkish (native) name |
Netherlands |
− |
|
|
A.12. Arab (Anglo-Saxon or native) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
A.13. Arab (native) origin |
France |
− |
|
|
A.14. Armenian, Azeri, Chechen, Georgian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Uzbek, Tajik, or Tatar (native) name |
Russian Federation |
− |
|
|
A.15. Asian- or Black-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
A.16. Asian domestic-born or White domestic-born (Asian foreign-born or White foreign-born) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
A.17. Asian (White) phenotype |
Germany |
0 |
|
|
A.18. Asian, Roma, or Turkish (native) name |
Czechia |
− |
|
|
Germany |
− |
||
|
A.19. Azeri or Armenian (native) name |
Georgia |
− |
|
|
A.20. Black- or Hispanic-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
A.21. Black-, Hispanic-, or Asian-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
A.22. Black-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
A.23. Black phenotype or Turkish (White phenotype or native) name |
Germany |
− |
|
|
A.24. Chinese (Anglo-Saxon) name |
Australia |
− |
|
|
A.25. Chinese, Greek, Indian, or Pakistani (Anglo-Saxon) name |
Canada |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
A.26. Chinese, Indigenous, or Middle Eastern (native) name |
Australia |
− |
|
|
A.27. Chinese, Nigerian, Serbian, or Turkish (native) name and appearance |
Austria |
− |
|
|
A.28. Congolese, Italian, or Turkish (native) name |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
A.29. Cuban, Dominican, Ecuadorian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Salvadorian (Anglo-Saxon or native) name |
Spain |
0 |
|
|
United States of America |
− |
||
|
A.30. Dark (fair) phenotype |
Brazil |
0 |
|
|
Italy |
− |
||
|
Pakistan |
− |
||
|
A.31. Eastern (European)-sounding (native) name |
Netherlands |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
A.32. English, Iraqi, Russian, or Somali (native) name |
Finland |
− |
|
|
A.33. Foreign-born; Middle Eastern or African (domestic-born; European) origin |
Germany |
− |
|
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
Norway |
− |
||
|
Spain |
0 |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
A.34. French or German (native) name |
Switzerland |
− |
|
|
A.35. French or Turkish (native) name |
Germany |
0 |
|
|
A.36. German (native) name |
Switzerland |
0 |
|
|
A.37. German or Ukrainian (native) name |
Russian Federation |
0 |
|
|
A.38. Ghanaian, Moroccan, Slovakian, or Turkish (native) name |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
A.39. Hispanic-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
United States of America |
+ |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
A.40. Indigenous-sounding (Anglo-Saxon) name |
Peru |
− |
|
|
A.41. Indigenous (native) origin |
United States of America |
0 |
|
|
A.42. Iraqi or Somali (native) name |
Sweden |
− |
|
|
A.43. Italian (native) name |
Australia |
− |
|
|
A.44. Kosovar (native) name |
Switzerland |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
A.45. Kurdish (native) name |
Turkey |
− |
|
|
A.46. Malaysian (Chinese) name |
Malaysia |
− |
|
|
A.47. Mestizo (fair) phenotype |
Mexico |
0 |
|
|
A.48. Middle Eastern (native) name |
Denmark |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
A.49. Mongolian, Tibetan, or Uyghur (native) name |
China |
− |
|
|
A.50. Moroccan (native) name |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
France |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
Spain |
− |
||
|
A.51. Muslim Pakistani (native) name |
Norway |
− |
|
|
A.52. North African (native) name |
France |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
A.53. Pakistani (native) name |
Norway |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
A.54. Polish (native) name |
Sweden |
0 |
|
|
A.55. South Asian (native) name |
Netherlands |
0 |
|
|
A.56. Southeast or East Asian (native) name |
Netherlands |
− |
|
|
A.57. Southern European (native) name |
Netherlands |
− |
|
|
A.58. Turkish (native) name |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
− |
|||
|
Germany |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
Switzerland |
0 |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
A.59. American or Western European (native) name |
Netherlands |
− |
|
|
B. Gender and motherhood status |
|||
|
B.1. Mother (childless woman) |
Austria |
0 |
|
|
Belgium |
0 |
||
|
Germany |
0 |
||
|
− |
|||
|
Spain |
0 |
||
|
− |
|||
|
Sweden |
0 |
||
|
Switzerland |
0 |
||
|
United States of America |
− |
||
|
B.2. Pregnant (no pregnancy) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
Algeria |
+ |
||
|
Australia |
+ |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
B.3. Female (male) gender |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
Canada |
+ |
||
|
+ |
|||
|
China |
+ |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
Cyprus |
0 |
||
|
Denmark |
0 |
||
|
Finland |
+ |
||
|
France |
+ |
||
|
− |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
Georgia |
0 |
||
|
Germany |
0 |
||
|
Greece |
− |
||
|
Greece |
− |
||
|
India |
0 |
||
|
Israel |
0 |
||
|
Italy |
− |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
Mexico |
+ |
||
|
+ |
|||
|
Netherlands |
0 |
||
|
Norway |
+ |
||
|
Pakistan |
0 |
||
|
Peru |
− |
||
|
Russian Federation |
+ |
||
|
Spain |
+ |
||
|
− |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
Sweden |
0 |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
Switzerland |
0 |
||
|
Turkey |
0 |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
0 |
||
|
− |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
United States of America |
0 |
||
|
− |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
0 |
|||
|
+ |
|||
|
B.4. Female gender with feminine personality traits (female gender with masculine personality traits) |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
|
|
B.5. Transgender (cisgender) |
Germany |
0 |
|
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
C. Religion |
|||
|
C.1. Buddhist, Christian or Hindu (no religious affiliation) |
United States of America |
0 |
|
|
C.2. Disclosed Muslim (Muslim by default) |
Germany |
0 |
|
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
Norway |
− |
||
|
Spain |
0 |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
C.3. Evangelical, Jehovah’s Witness, or Pentecostal (majority religion) |
Greece |
− |
|
|
C.4. Expressing a religious identity (expressing no religious identity) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
C.5. Hui or Uyghur Muslim (Han Chinese) |
China |
− |
|
|
C.6. Jewish (no religious affiliation) |
Russian Federation |
0 |
|
|
C.7. Muslim (Christian, no religious affiliation, or majority religion) |
Germany |
− |
|
|
France |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
India |
0 |
||
|
Netherlands |
− |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
United States of America |
0 |
||
|
United States of America |
− |
||
|
C.8. No religious affiliation (Christian) |
Germany |
0 |
|
|
C.9. Wearing a headscarf (not wearing a headscarf) |
Germany |
− |
|
|
D. Disability |
|||
|
D.1. Asperger’s Syndrome or spinal cord injury (no disability) |
United States of America |
0 |
|
|
D.2. Autism, blindness, or deafness (no disability) |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
D.3. Obese (not obese) |
Italy |
− |
|
|
Mexico |
− |
||
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
D.4. Former depression (no former depression) |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
D.5. History of mental illness (physical injury) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
D.6. HIV infection (no HIV infection) |
Greece |
− |
|
|
D.7. Unspecified physical disability (no physical disability) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
D.8. Wheelchair user (no physical disability) |
Canada |
− |
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
E. Age |
|||
|
E.1. Age 22–23 or age 60–61 (age 33–34 or age 42–43 |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
E.2. Age 23 (age 35) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
E.3. Age 36–70 (age 35–69) |
Sweden |
− |
|
|
E.4. Age 37 (age 25) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
France |
− |
||
|
E.5. Age 38 (age 24 or age 28) |
Spain |
− |
|
|
E.6. Age 46 (age 31) |
Sweden |
− |
|
|
E.7. Age 47 (age 27) |
France |
− |
|
|
Germany |
− |
||
|
Spain |
− |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
E.8. Age 47 or age 53 (age 35) |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
E.9. Age 49–51 or age 64–66 (age 29–31) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
E.10. Age 50 (age 28) |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
|
|
E.11. Age 50 or age 44 (age 44 or age 38) |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
E.12. Age 50 or age 51 (age 24 or age 25) |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
|
|
E.13. Age 50, age 55, or age 62 (age 35 or age 45) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
E.14. Age 56 (age 29) |
France |
− |
|
|
E.15. Age 57 or age 58 (age 37 or age 42) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
E.16. Age 64–66 (age 29–31) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
F. Military service or affiliation |
|||
|
F.1. Current membership in the Reserves (previous membership in the reserves) |
United States of America |
− |
|
|
F.2. Military service (no military service) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
United States of America |
+ |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
G. Wealth |
|||
|
G.1. Low-class background (high-class background) |
Jamaica |
0 |
|
|
United States of America |
− |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
G.2. Non-upper-caste (upper-caste) |
India |
0 |
|
|
0 |
|||
|
G.3. Residence in neighbourhood with bad or poor reputation (residence in neighbourhood with good or bland reputation) |
Sweden |
0 |
|
|
France |
− |
||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
0 |
||
|
H. Genetic information |
|||
|
No related correspondence experiments identified. |
|||
|
I. Citizenship status |
|||
|
No related correspondence experiments identified. |
|||
|
J. Marital status |
|||
|
J.1. Married (not married) |
China |
0 |
|
|
Germany |
− |
||
|
Mexico |
0 |
||
|
J.2. Married and childless (single and childless) |
Austria |
0 |
|
|
Germany |
0 |
||
|
Switzerland |
0 |
||
|
K. Sexual orientation |
|||
|
K.1. LGB+ organisation affiliation (no LGB+ organisation affiliation) |
Cyprus |
− |
|
|
Germany |
− |
||
|
Greece |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
Italy |
0 |
||
|
Sweden |
− |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
||
|
United States of America |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
K.2. Same-sex marriage partner (opposite sex marriage partner) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
K.3. Same-sex orientation (opposite sex orientation) |
United States of America |
0 |
|
|
L. Political orientation |
|||
|
L.1. Orientation of mentioned youth political organisation (no mention of youth political organisation) |
Belgium |
0 |
|
|
M. Union membership |
|||
|
M.1. Mention of youth union membership (no mention of youth union membership) |
Belgium |
− |
|
|
N. Physical appearance |
|||
|
N.1. Facial disfigurement (no facial disfigurement) |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
− |
|
|
N.2. Visible tattoo (no visible tattoo) |
Germany |
− |
|
|
N.3. Low physical attractiveness (high physical attractiveness) |
Argentina |
− |
|
|
Belgium |
− |
||
|
China |
− |
||
|
− |
|||
|
− |
|||
|
Israel |
− |
||
|
Italy |
− |
||
|
0 |
|||
|
Peru |
− |
||
|
Philippines |
− |
||
|
Notes. Values in the 'Effect' column illustrate the effect of the treatment group on the call-back variable in the respective correspondence experiments. The +, 0, and − symbol indicate an overall significantly positive, neutral, and negative effect, respectively. |
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